Efektifitas latihan aerobik terhadap kontrol glikemik pada pasien diabetes mellitus tipe 2: narrative review
Keywords:
aerobic exercise, glycemic control, type 2 diabetes mellitusAbstract
Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 (T2DM) merupakan sebuah penyakit metabolik kronis yang ditandai dengan hiperglikemia sebagai masalah kesehatan global yang memerlukan penanganan komprehensif. Kontrol glikemik yang optimal adalah pilar utama dalam manajemen T2DM untuk mencegah komplikasi. Latihan fisik, terutama latihan aerobik, secara luas direkomendasikan sebagai intervensi non-farmakologis yang esensial. Tujuan penelitian ini menyajikan tinjauan naratif untuk merangkum dan menganalisis bukti-bukti ilmiah dari literatur terkini mengenai efektivitas berbagai bentuk latihan aerobik terhadap parameter kontrol glikemik pada pasien T2DM. Metode Penelitian berupa tinjauan naratif dengan melibatkan pencarian literatur sistematis pada database PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan Wiley. Kriteria inklusi adalah artikel penelitian eksperimental full-text yang diterbitkan antara tahun 2018 dan 2024 dengan
kata kunci "Aerobic exercise", "Type-2 DM patients", dan "Glycemic Control". Rentang tahun ini dipilih untuk memastikan bahwa bukti yang dikaji bersumber dari penelitian terbaru yang merepresentasikan perkembangan terkini dalam intervensi latihan aerobik, metode pemantauan glikemik, serta teknologi pendukung sehingga hasil tinjauan ini relevan dengan praktik klinis modern. Proses seleksi menghasilkan 30 artikel yang dianalisis dari total 1.530 artikel yang teridentifikasi. Hasil analisis terhadap 30 studi internasional mengonfirmasi bahwa intervensi latihan aerobik secara signifikan efektif dalam meningkatkan kontrol glikemik. Manfaat yang dilaporkan meliputi penurunan kadar HbA1c, perbaikan glukosa darah puasa, dan peningkatan komposisi tubuh serta kapasitas fisik.
Berbagai modalitas latihan terbukti bermanfaat, termasuk program jalan kaki terjadwal, latihan interval intensitas tinggi (HIIT), latihan di lingkungan akuatik, dan tele-rehabilitasi. Waktu pelaksanaan olahraga, seperti setelah makan, juga terbukti efektif dalam mengurangi lonjakan glukosa postprandial. Kesimpulan bahwa latihan aerobik merupakan intervensi yang terbukti kuat dan efektif untuk memperbaiki dan mempertahankan kontrol glikemik pada individu dengan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2.
References
Al-Rawaf, H. A., Gabr, S. A., Iqbal, A., & Alghadir, A. H. (2023). High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Glycemic Control, Cellular Apoptosis, and Oxidative Stress of Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Medicina (Lithuania), 59(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59071320
Amaravadi, S. K., Maiya, G. A., Vaishali, K., & Shastry, B. A. (2024). Effectiveness of structured exercise program on insulin resistance and quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus–A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 19(5 May), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302831
Amoozadeh, B., Parandeh, A., Khamseh, F., & Beig Goharrizi, M. (2023). The effect of culturally appropriate self-care intervention on health literacy, health-related quality of life and glycemic control in Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes: A controlled randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 28(3),
–299.
Banitalebi, E., Kazemi, A. R., Faramarzi, M., Nasiri, S., & Haghighi, M. M. (2019). Effects of sprint interval or combined aerobic and resistance training on myokines in overweight women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Life Sciences,
, 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.062
Bellini, A., Nicolò, A., Bulzomì, R., Bazzucchi, I., & Sacchetti, M. (2021). The effect of different postprandial exercise types on glucose response to breakfast in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Nutrients, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051440
Blankenship, J. M., Chipkin, S. R., Freedson, P. S., Staudenmayer, J., Lyden, K., & Braun, B. (2018). Managing free-living hyperglycemia with exercise or interrupted sitting in type 2 diabetes. Journal of Applied Physiology, 126(3), 616–625. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00389.2018
Bock, P. M., Monteiro, R. B., Berlanda, G., Casali, K. R., & Schaan, B. D. (2022). Maintenance of plasma glucose variability after an acute session of aerobic exercise despite changes in insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 levels in type 2 diabetes.
Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 66(3), 324–332. https://doi.org/10.20945/2359-3997000000482
Care, D., & Suppl, S. S. (2018). 2 . Classi fi cation and Diagnosis of Diabetes : Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes d 2018. 41(January), 13–27. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-S002
Chait, A., & Hartigh, L. J. Den. (2025). Adipose Tissue Distribution , Inflammation and Its Metabolic Consequences , Including Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease.
(February 2020), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2020.00022
Chen, K., Wang, Y., Li, D., Li, J., Huang, Y., Huang, M., & Ma, H. (2024). Impact of diverse aerobic exercise plans on glycemic control, lipid levels, and functional activity in stroke patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Endocrinology,
(September), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1389538
Chiang, S., Heitkemper, M. M., Hung, Y., Tzeng, W., Lee, M., & Lin, C. (2019). Effects of a 12-week moderate-intensity exercise training on blood glucose response in patients
with type 2 diabetes. 36(February).
Cruz, L. C. da, Teixeira-Araujo, A. A., Passos Andrade, K. T., Rocha, T. C. O. G., Puga, G. M., & Moreira, S. R. (2019). Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise Reduces
Hyperglycemia and Enhances Glucose Control Over a 24-Hour Period in Women
With Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(10), 2826–
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002410
Delevatti, R. S., Leonel, S., Kanitz, A. C., Alberton, C. L., Lovatel, G. A., Siqueira, I. R., Fernando, L., & Kruel, M. (2024). Aerobic Exercise in the Aquatic Environment Suppresses the Plasma Renin Activity in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes : A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.
Duruturk, N., & Özköslü, M. A. (2019). Effect of tele-rehabilitation on glucose control, exercise capacity, physical fitness, muscle strength and psychosocial status in patients with type 2 diabetes: A double blind randomized controlled trial. Primary Care Diabetes, 13(6), 542–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2019.03.007
Fathoni, A., Sentana, A. D., Ningsih, M. U., & Rifki, M. (2024). The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Frequency on Reducing Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Sufferers in the Lingsar Health Center Working Area in 2024. Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu
Kesehatan, 18(2), 142–146. https://doi.org/10.33860/jik.v18i2.3824
Fofonka, A., Bock, P. M., Casali, K. R., da Silveira, A. D., da Rosa, F. M., Berlanda, G., & Schaan, B. D. (2018). Impact of treatment with glibenclamide or vildagliptin on glucose variability after aerobic exercise in type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 143, 184–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.07.007
Gillen, J. B., Estafanos, S., & Govette, A. (2021). Exercise-nutrient interactions for improved postprandial glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 46(8), 856–865. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2021-0168
Holzer, R., Schulte-körne, B., Seidler, J., Predel, H., & Brinkmann, C. (2021). Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise with and without Whole-Body Electromyostimulation and Endurance Exercise on the Postprandial Glucose Regulation in Patients with Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus : A Randomized Crossover Study.
Hu, Y., Zhang, D. feng, Dai, L., Li, Z., Li, H. qin, Li, F. fei, Liu, B. li, Sun, X. juan, Ye, L., He, K., & Ma, J. hua. (2018). Pre-exercise blood glucose affects glycemic variation of aerobic exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 141, 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.04.043
Jiang, Y., Tan, S., Wang, Z., Guo, Z., Li, Q., & Wang, J. (2020). Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness Aerobic exercise training at maximal fat oxidation intensity improves body composition , glycemic control , and physical capacity in older people with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 18(1), 7–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2019.08.003
Li, Z., Hu, Y., & Ma, J. (2018). Effect of moderate exercise for 30 min at 30 min versus 60 min after dinner on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, crossover, self-controlled study. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao = Journal of Southern Medical University, 38(10), 1165–1170. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.16734254.2018.10.03
Li, Z., Hu, Y., Yan, R., Zhang, D., Li, H., Li, F., Su, X., & Ma, J. (2018). Twenty minute moderate-intensity post-dinner exercise reduces the postprandial glucose response in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Medical Science Monitor, 24, 7170–7177. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.910827
Medica, E. M., Kukla, A., Makai, A., Ács, P., & Járomi, M. (2018). The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness Sports therapy and recreation exercise program in type 2 diabetes : randomized controlled trial , 3-month follow-up COPYRIGHT © EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA randomized controlled trial , 3-month follow-up Veterans Administration Quality Scholar , VA Hospital Cleveland ; Postdoctoral
Fellow ,. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08591-2
Moon, H. U., Ha, K. H., Han, S. J., Kim, H. J., & Kim, D. J. (2019). The Association of Adiponectin and Visceral Fat with Insulin Resistance and β -Cell Dysfunction. 34(1), 1–12.
Niu, W. chang, Liu, C., Liu, K., Fang, W. jing, Liu, X. qian, Liang, X. li, Yuan, H. ping, Jia, H. min, Peng, H. fang, Jiang, H. wei, & Jia, Z. min. (2024). The effect of different times of day for exercise on blood glucose fluctuations. Primary Care Diabetes,
(4), 427–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2024.06.004
Nuhu, J. M., & Maharaj, S. S. (2018). Influence of a mini-trampoline rebound exercise program on insulin resistance, lipid profile and central obesity in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 58(4), 503–509. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07120-1
Paing, A. C., Mcmillan, K. A., Kirk, A. F., Collier, A., & Hewitt, A. (2018). Research Article Treatment Dose – response between frequency of interruption of sedentary time and fasting glucose, the dawn phenomenon and night-time glucose in Type 2 diabetes. 0–2. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13829
Paing, A. C., Mcmillan, K. A., Kirk, A. F., Collier, A., Hewitt, A., & Chastin, S. F. M. (2019). Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Dose-response between frequency of breaks in sedentary time and glucose control in type 2 diabetes : A proof of concept study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(7), 808–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.01.017
Rafiei, H., Robinson, E., Barry, J., Jung, M. E., & Little, J. P. (2019). Short-term exercise training reduces glycaemic variability and lowers circulating endothelial microparticles in overweight and obese women at elevated risk of type 2 diabetes.
European Journal of Sport Science, 19(8), 1140–1149. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1576772
Ranasinghe, C., Devage, S., Constantine, G. R., Katulanda, P., Hills, A. P., & King, N. A. (2021). Glycemic and cardiometabolic effects of exercise in South Asian Sri Lankans with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial Sri Lanka diabetes aerobic and resistance training study (SL-DARTS). Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, 15(1), 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.12.011
Risk, C. (2019). HHS Public Access. 123(7), 886–904.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312806.Age-related
Saeidi, A., Soltani, M., Daraei, A., Nohbaradar, H., Haghighi, M. M., Khosravi, N., Johnson, K. E., Laher, I., Hackney, A. C., & Vandusseldorp, T. A. (2021). The Effects of Aerobic-Resistance Training and Broccoli Supplementation on Plasma Dectin-1 and Insulin Resistance in Males with Type 2 Diabetes. 1–14.
Santiago, É., Delevatti, R. S., Bracht, C. G., Netto, N., Lisboa, S. C., Vieira, A. F., Costa, R. R., Hübner, A., Fossati, M. A., & Kruel, L. F. M. (2018). Acute glycemic and pressure responses of continuous and interval aerobic exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 40(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641963.2017.1339075
Sianturi, R., & Mustofa, A. (2022). Aerobic Exercise Reduce Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Media Keperawatan Indonesia, 5(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.26714/mki.5.1.2022.73-83
Silvia, F., Nyorong, M., Afriany, M., & Lastiur, L. (2021). The Effect of Prolanis Exercise Activities on Decreasing Blood Sugar Levels in Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Journal La Medihealtico, 2(2), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.37899/journallamedihealtico.v2i2.316
Sun, F., Fu, L., Zhao, W., Zhao, Y., Wang, H., Meng, Q., Du, G., & Wang, H. (2024). Effects of dietary management combined with exercise interventions on type 2 diabetes: A pilot before-after study in the same patient. Clinical Traditional Medicine and Pharmacology, 5(1), 200133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctmp.2024.200133 Syeda, U. S. A., Battillo, D., Visaria, A., & Malin, S. K. (2023). The importance of exercise for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. American Journal of Medicine Open,
(December 2022), 100031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajmo.2023.100031
Teo, S. Y. M., Kanaley, J. A., Guelfi, K. J., Marston, K. J., Fairchild, T. J., Science, E., & Physiology, E. (2019). . . . Published ahead of Print The Impact of Exercise Timing on Glycemic Control: A Randomized Clinical Trial (Issue August). https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002139
Verboven, K., Wens, I., Vandenabeele, F., Stevens, A., Celie, B., Dendale, P., Loon, L. J. C. Van, Calders, P., & Hansen, D. (2019). . . . Published ahead of Print Impact of
Exercise – Nutritional State Interactions in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (Issue
September). https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002165
Yao, W., Han, M., Vito, G. De, Fang, H., Xia, Q., Chen, Y., Liu, X., Wei, Y., Rothman, R.
L., & Xu, W. (2021). Physical Activity and Glycemic Control Status in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes : A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. 1–15.
Yaribeygi, H., Atkin, S. L., Simental-Mendía, L. E., & Sahebkar, A. (2019). Molecular mechanisms by which aerobic exercise induces insulin sensitivity. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 234(8), 12385–12392. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.28066
Zaki, S., Alam, M. F., Sharma, S., Naqvi, I. H., & Nuhmani, S. (2024). Impact of concurrent training sequence on heart rate variability, glycemic control, body composition, lipid profile, and cardiorespiratory fitness in type 2 diabetes patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 29(July), 101747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2024.101747
Zatterale, F., Longo, M., Naderi, J., Raciti, G. A., Desiderio, A., Miele, C., & Beguinot, F. (2020). Chronic Adipose Tissue Inflammation Linking Obesity to Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes. 10(January), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01607
